Chapter 1 Who Am I Today Essay - 834 Words

Chapter One: Who Am I Today? I am excited to explore this self assessment. As Ancona, Malone, Orlikowski, and Senge (2007) argue, a successful manager is one that understands his/her weaknesses and strengths to build a network of collaboration. In other words, a manager should work to improve his/her weaknesses but also acknowledge when relying on others is essential. As Edinger (2011) notes, although weaknesses can be improved, it is of more value that a leader further improve strengths by understanding complementary skills that can be reinforced. One may be able to improve weaknesses to ensure these weaknesses are longer obstacles in the workplace, however if these weaknesses are due to one’s values and personality they†¦show more content†¦27). Considering these characteristics, I believe I am strong in trustworthiness and credibility, however I need to use these characteristics to improve my constructive advice. At times I struggle with giving constructive criticism and feedback to peers/subordinates, as I am worried of being too straightforward where it would be taken personally. However, this holds me back from providing quality input as I am focusing on not being too blunt or off-putting that I am losing focus on the real feedback. To me, the role of a manager is to be able to lead others to meet the goals of an organization while also providing the mentorship to assist employees in realizing their potential. As Bennis noted, â€Å"becoming a leader is synonymous with becoming yourself; however, becoming a manager is becoming what a company wants you to become† (as cited in Toor Ofori, 2008, p. 64). It is not enough to simply manage a specific function, creating standards and procedures, it is also necessary to engage and ignite excitement in employees. I am driven professionally to become a better leader and thus have a positive impact on others. It matters to me in a management role I do more than provide direction and maintain standards, but that I inspire others to lead and also assist in their positive professional development. From taking the DISC personality profile assessment, I found that I am of an appraiser profile pattern. The results indicated I am high inShow MoreRelatedAdam And Eve s The Garden Of Eden And The Choice Of Disobey God1281 Words   |  6 PagesGenesis chapters one through three are the story of creation, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden and their choice to disobey God. The creation story is covered in Genesis 1-2:3 where it states God made the Earth and everything on it in seven days. Genesis chapter two verses four through twenty-five talk about God creating Adam and then Eve from one of Adam’s ribs. The third chapter of Genesis tells of Adam and Eve decision to eat the fruit God forbid them to eat. That is the short and simpleRead MoreA Christian Service Of Memorial934 Words   |  4 PagesHello family and friends†¦welcome. Today we have come together to remember sister Jean, but this is not just a service of remembrance. This is a Christian service of memorial. In that sense, we have come here to proclaim our faith in a God who has promised us a future; an eternity; in life beyond the grave. Jean lived this faith. Even after she was diagnosed with cancer, she came to a deep understanding of who Jesus is and what He had done for her, for us†¦so even in the midst of her pain and sufferingRead MoreEvaluation Questions826 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Chapter Evaluation form SOCIOLOGY 341 After my reading of the Chapter 1: The Sociology of Gender: Theoretical Perspectives and Feminist Frameworks 1. I found and have learned †¦ That all social interaction is gendered and guided by status, positions, and roles. I have also learned that when the status and role of male and female become stereotyped it could result in sexism or discrimination. In order to prevent such, feminism is a worldwide movement to end sexism by empoweringRead MoreAssignment : Prayer Of Habakkuk1044 Words   |  5 Pagesexile (605, 597, 586 BC). Moreover, the book of Habakkuk adds that, it is dated prior to or after Josiah’s reforms of 622 BC (as established in 1:2-4). Habakkuk’s journey is one of faith, which moves him to a greater appreciation of the mysterious ways of the omnipotent God. Not unlike, many missionaries of today, Habakkuk saw the injustice of today and cried to God for justice. We like Habakkuk, can never fully understand the ways of God, but, as with Habakkuk, if we engage in dialogue and prayerRead MoreSelf Reflection1311 Words   |  6 Pages The human identity provides individuals with a sense of self, and by examining one’s identity, questions such as â€Å"Who am I?† and â€Å"What is my background?† can be asked. While both questions don’t fully allow one to recognize who they truly are, they provide a useful starting point. Additionally, as one ages and experiences what life has to offer, the puzzle of one’s identity can be pieced together. Though the events of life have the potential to reinforce one with a positive sense of identity, theyRead MoreIntroduction Romans 1-8 discusses material that show examples of how society, our relationships,600 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Romans 1-8 discusses material that show examples of how society, our relationships, and many other parts of our lives determine how we choose to live. It shows us that we can use these things to live our lives the way that we should live them, in the light of Christ and not of this world. Romans 1-8 also establishes ways that my worldview is molded through Christ and how I want to live according to His Word. Analysis Romans 8:19-22 shows us how sin caused us to fall from our perfectRead MoreThe Testament Of The Bible1231 Words   |  5 Pagesprogressively during the ensuing forty-year wandering. Although Leviticus does not deal only with the special duties of the Levites, it is so named because it concerns mainly the service of worship at the tabernacle, which was conducted by the priests who were the sons of Aaron, assisted by many from the rest of the tribe of Levi. Exodus gave the directions for building the tabernacle, and now Leviticus gives the laws and regulations for worship there, including instructions on ceremonial cleanness,Read More Tested in Every Way1446 Words   |  6 Pagesbook opens up and finishes with the Ruddy’s insightful reflections. Ruddy opens up with an â€Å"examination of the cultural and ecclesiological contexts of the priesthood in today’s church (13)†. In the first chapter of the book Ruddy mentions three challenges the church and priest are facing today: popular skepticism, erosion of biblical and theological literacy, and the impossibility of a genuine diverse but unified moral and religious community. He states that the rise of skepticism contributes toRead MoreReflection to the Book of Daniel and Revelation1749 Words   |  7 PagesNorthern Luzon Adventist College Artacho, Sison, Pangasinan __________ A Reflection Paper for the Subject Daniel and Revelation by: Jefferson Mendoza Daniel 1 Chapter Summary Daniel chapter 1 tells a story of a 4 young wise men named Daniel, Meshach, Shadrach and Abed-nego. They were captivated and brought in into the King’s palace for a grate purpose. However, that purpose is the plan of God for His teachings to be known and thought in the place of Babylon. God had chosen these four youngRead MoreUnstructured Journal Report1439 Words   |  6 Pages29th – June 2nd, written June 1st Format: Unstructured Journal This week, I was given more hands-on work. I started using Prinergy Workshop more often to output proofs. As well as, I am now able to distinguish when it is appropriate to use Switch Client or Prinergy to process customer files based on specifications on POEM and from previous job dockets. Today, I was able to output my first hardcopy proof through Prinergy. I have sent many remote proofs to customers and have gotten approval on many

Factory Farms A High Price to Pay for Cheap Meat Essay

Just imagine living in a world where the antibiotics we take for granted are rendered useless due to the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant microbes. Should factory farms be able to continue the practice of administering antibiotics to otherwise healthy animals? We already know that the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of superbugs. Animal agriculture accounts for nearly 80 percent of antibiotics used in our country (Philpott). Most of which are used for nontherapeutic purposes. Even though their use can shorten the confinement time of livestock by increasing the growth rates, they are not necessary and come at a high cost to human health. Nontherapeutic use of antibiotic should be terminated to preserve antibiotics for†¦show more content†¦But it’s possible to change, countries like Denmark and Sweden have led the way in commercial farming methods that minimize antibiotic use (Sayre 76-83). Unfortunately, large scale factory farms in U.S. show lit tle interest in the voluntary use of alternative management strategies as a method improve the overall health and wellbeing of their animals and reduce antibiotics. Finally, the most important reason there should be strict regulations to curb the overuse of antibiotics in factory farming is because this practice is creating breeding grounds for super bugs. A 2008 report from Pew Commission report on Industrial Farm Animal Production concluded that â€Å"of particular concern is the rapid rise in antibiotic-resistant microbes, an inevitable consequence of the widespread use of antibiotics as feed additives in industrial livestock operations† (Sayre 76-83). Most often the superbugs hitch a ride into the surrounding environment in the mountains of waste produced on industrial scale farms. They end up in our ground water, soil, and even our meats. Making themselves know in the ever increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant infections that now kill more people annually than AIDS. Indeed, while antibiotics can shorten the confinement time of livestock by increasing the growth rates and enable farms to keep more animals in less space, itShow MoreRelatedFood, Inc., By Michael Pollan And Eric Schlosser1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fast food industry has transformed what people eat. In addition it debates the farming practices and the whole global food system. According to Pollan and Schlosser, farming practices have become so industrialized that today many farms are more like factories. An example of these farming practices can be found in the way chickens are raised. Chickens are often confined together by the thousands in large metal buildings with no access to light or fresh air. In addition they are given steroidsRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan922 Words   |  4 Pagesreally know about the food you eat? Reading the book â€Å"The Omnivore s Dilemma† by Michael Pollan,†Getting Real About the High Price of Our Cheap Food† by Bryan Walsh, and the movie â€Å"Food Inc.† gave me an idea of how our food is made and what is in it. Also reading the books gave me an idea, Michael Pollan mostly talked about corn and Bryan Walsh talking about high prices of our cheap food. Robert Kenner explains how we should look into our food to save us from getting sick or becoming obese. MichaelRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan922 Words   |  4 Pagesreally know about the food you eat? Reading the book â€Å"The Omnivore s Dilemma† by Michael Pollan,†Getting Real About the High Price of Our Cheap Food† by Bryan Walsh, and the movie â€Å"Food Inc.† gave me an idea of how our food is made and what is in it. Also reading the books gave me an idea, Michael Pollan mostly talked about corn and Bryan Walsh talking about high prices of our cheap food. Robert Kenner explains how we should look into our food to save us from getting sick or becoming obese. MichaelRead MoreVegetarian Vs. Meat Eater1468 Words   |  6 PagesVegetarian VS. Meat Eater There are two main lifestyles that we as human beings practice that impact our eating habits. One being a Vegetarian, a person who chooses not to eat meat. The other being a Meat Eater (also known as an Omnivore), a person who chooses to eat both meat and vegetables. A controversial debate continues to go on, evaluating the pros and cons of each group, along with the reasons behind their choice. In the end it all depends on the individual’s outlook on life that makes theRead MoreFactory Farms : An Essential Part Of Our Everyday Diets1899 Words   |  8 PagesProtein that we find in the meat that we consume is an essential part of our everyday diets, but when people think about how we get our meat, farming is the first to come to mind. Most people associate farming with an image of animals outside on a farm living a happy life. People assume that the animals are properly raised and killed in a peaceful manner, but this is not the case. In today’s farming, factory fa rms play a major role in producing the meat that we buy from our local grocery storesRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Human Health And Our Environment Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pageschange† (Foer 43) and that is Animal agriculture. Over the years the meat industry has been unconcerned about the deterioration of our environment and has taken upon corrupt practices. The industry only focuses on their profits instead of the unhygienic condition animals live in and the effect diseases can have on human health and our environment. Global warming has been on the rise due to meat consumption and the poor execution of meat management throughout the years In essay number 5 i will be agreeingRead MorePolitics Research Paper1387 Words   |  6 Pagescombative? Factory farms are another example of an industry polluted with greed and corporate interest that puts the â€Å"bottom line† above the health and safety of humans, animals, and the environment. The rise of factory farming didn’t happen overnight, and it is no accident. There is an oligarchy of corporations that determine how to raise animals, how much farmers get paid and how meat is processed all while reaping the massive profits. There are fewer and larger farms. Factory farms supply abundantRead MoreEssay1449 Words   |  6 Pagescombative? Factory farms are another example of an industry polluted with greed and corporate interest that puts the â€Å"bottom line† above the health and safety of humans, animals, and the environment. The rise of factory farming didn’t happen overnight, and it is no accident. There is an oligarchy of corporations that determine how animals are raised, how much farmers get paid and how meat is processed all while reaping the massive profits. Factory farms supply abundant quantities of nutritious, high qualityRead MoreIndustrial Farm Animal Production ( Ifap ) Is A Recent Development? How Humans Manage Their Food Supply2386 Words   |  10 PagesIndustrial Farm Animal Production Industrial farm animal production (IFAP) is a recent development in how humans manage their food supply. This essay outlines benefits of IFAP, and then uses a Marxist framework to analyse the negative ramifications of this type of animal production. Using domestic animals primarily for meat is relatively recent. For thousands of years, domestic animals were exploited for renewable purposes such as milk, wool, traction, riding, and pack transport. These purposesRead MoreFood Insecurity Is A Fact For Millions Of Americans2047 Words   |  9 Pagestype of crop in the United States, (This does not include the subsidies directly paid to the meat and dairy industry, which is a whole other paper!). Government subsidies are less common for the production of fresh fruits and vegetables. Government subsidies encourage farmers to grow commodity crops instead of growing fruits and vegetables for consumers at competitive prices creating food insecurity. The cheap production of commodity crops force families in the lower middle class and poverty to choose

Conflict on Organizational Culture and Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Conflict on Organizational Culture and Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction According to Drew and Coulson?Thomas (2013) teams are considered as forms of work groups; however, not all work groups can be referred to as teams. It has been found that work groups are more in number than teams. Teams differ from groups in several aspects: task orientation, degree of interdependence, purpose, familiarity among members and degree of formal structure. Conflict is a significant aspect of culture in all organisations and best efforts are given to resolve the conflicts at the earliest, suitably through negotiation. Team conflicts may arise due to perceptions of individuals regarding actions and work of other individuals. Common causes of conflict may be competition over resources, incompatible work styles, conflicting interests, poor communication or deficiency in performance. Whether the concerned source of conflict is a work group or a working team makes a huge impact on the conflict resolution process. Effective negotiation strategies lead to a successful organisatio n with healthy cultural environment. Practical steps taken up in conflict management help in avioiding difficult situains effectively and overcome crisis. The conflict management process of Google Inc. is highy praised for its effectiveness and success in dealing with difficult situations. The performance of the organisation is enhanced through a suitable negotiation procedure considered for conflict management. The present paper analyses and critically discusses the impact of workgroups and teams and conflict and negotiation have on the culture of the organisation, Google. The paper aims to highlight how team and group concept in an organisation have an impact on the conflicts taking place within the organisation and how these conflicts are resolved through negotiation. Work group and teams Rosen (2014) outlines the definition of work group and team in context of organisational management. A group is formed with two or more individuals having a common set of characteristic or interest. Members of groups usually identify with each other with the help of similar triats. Teams are a group of people who try to achieve a common goal and work together in collaboration with each other. The terms team and group are interchangeable but there are distinct differences between the two. The primary point of dissimilarity is that the focus or strength of a team is dependent on the commonality of the purpose it has and how the connection between the individuals is established. On the contrary, a group is established with a by number of people who have cohesive willingness to carry out a certain action. In a team, individuals are more formal and with a similar goal they share, they have a tendency to work together by resolving the arising differences. In a tam, the members are found to be having an active participation in the discussions held and their eventual outcomes. Work group and team affect orgainazation effectivenesss and culture Organisational culture possess seven primary features; innovation and risk taking, attention to detail , outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness and stability. It has been found that teams have more tendency to include innovation in their work in comparison to work groups. They are also ready to take risks and face challenges in due course of fulfilling the set goals. On the contrary, work groups take up less challenges and do not consider bringing innovation in their work. Precise analysis of tasks is found more in team work. The underlying principle of working in teams is to focus on results and not on process. Work groups on the other hand do not emphasise on results to the extent desirable. Competitiveness and aggressivenss is much more profound in individuals working in teams. They are more encouraged and driven to perform as per the requirements of the tasks allocated. Teams are more stable in their functioning as compared to work groups (Alves son and Sveningsson 2015). In an orgainazatin like Google, the team work is one of the essential part of the working culture. The psychological safety is one of the essential part of the team work culture of Google, which ensures that the team members can work in the safe environment. The team members are also able to have high level of trust within the organization. The team members are able to depend upon each other, which will help them to deal with the challaegs they face with in the workplace. The team members of google also have a clear idea about the structure and working proticak of the comonay, which helps them to provide full support to the work they perform. The meaning of the work is an essstial part, which helps the team members to u understand the importance of the work they perform (Galegher, Kraut and Egido 2014). Organizational Conflict The following section tries to understand the meaning of conflict in the work group, its causes and its effect on the organization. Conflict begins when an individual or a group of individuals feel or are affected in a negative way by another individual or team (Odetunde 2013). Individuals and work groups who have interdependent relationships in an organization experience conflict which may be related to negative interdependence, differences in personal values, competition, authority and responsibilities differentials (Naima Mikkelsen 2013). In the context of an entity, conflict means a situation where two or more employees working in an organization have differences in their objectives and values. These differences impact their team spirit and capability to work as a group and hinder their performance (Seal and Mattimoe 2014). We can also divide theories of conflict on the basis of function, situation and interaction (Omisore and Abiodun 2014). The functional approach suggests that the conflict is a social function. Those who follow situational approach suggest that conflict is an expression under certain situations. The third theory sees conflict as an interactive process. Ultimately conflict is based on perceptions. Whenever a member of the organization believes that another member might create hurdles for his efforts, conflict is bound to happen. According to Google, work specialization, differences in goals, common resources, authority, job roles, expectations from the group are few of the causes of conflict in and among work groups and teams. One of the approaches which Google applies for resolving conflicts is through negotiations in which the two individuals or groups discuss various solutions that is acceptable to both the parties in order to resolve the conflict (Shargh, Fatehma, Soufi, Mansour and Dadashi, Mohammad Ali 2013). Negotiation is a mutual concessional process of decision making which involves two or more parties with differences in their preferences but are dependent upon each other in the organizational framework (Wallensteen 2015). In Google, when two or more team members have different desires and values, they get into the process of joint decision making. Managers at Google are trained to negotiate in these four types of situations (Boddy 2014): Bilateral negotiation there is a direct negotiation between the manager and the individual. Group negotiation - member of the work group including the manager negotiate within the group to arrive at a decision acceptable to the entire group in case of any conflict. Inter-group negotiation two or more conflicting work groups negotiate with each other to resolve the conflict. Here the manager could be a member of one or more work groups. Negotiation with the representatives of different departments: the manager negotiates with the representatives of other conflicting departments (Waddell et al. 2013). At Google, negotiators are trained to develop four important skills which have a significant role in resolving conflicts: Preparation and Setting Goals: Google has understood through extensive research that to have more favorable negotiation results it is important that people prepare for the negotiation and set goals. Managers at Google suggest that negotiators should carefully formulate their initial offer. Also, it is essential to decide about non-negotiable points in the conflict. If the negotiation fails, they should be able to consider alternative strategies. Their fundamental assumptions, goals and objectives are thoroughly checked by the negotiators. They also research what the other individual wants from the negotiation. Gathering Information: For an effective negotiation, Google tries to understand the conflict and its reasons in depth. Negotiators at Google listen to the other individuals arguments with great amount of attention and they try to collect as much details as possible. In order to enhance the process of collecting information, Google gets a group of negotiators participate in negotiations. In some cases, they have large negotiation teams for this purpose. In this way, negotiators at Google are able to discover economy concessions or proposals that satisfies both the conflicting parties. Communicating Effectively: At Google, the negotiators adopt a way of communication that maintains healthy relationships between themselves. In order to reduce the strength of conflict, they focus on the conflict issue than individuals. Managers at Google are great at persuasion. They structure their message in such a way that it is not just understood but well accepted by all the individuals or groups in conflict. Making Concessions: Google believes that concessions are very influential because they: drive the conflicting members toward the direction of probable agreement signify each members motivation to deal with trust, and aware the other member of the importance of the items of negotiations. However, it is only under certain conditions that concessions drive the conflicting members toward agreement. First, the other individual must be aware that negotiators action is a concession and is beneficial for him/her. Second, there should be an expectation attached with the concession that there must be reciprocation from the other individuals end. Finally, people have positive emotions from several smaller concessions than a single larger one. Thus, concessions should not be given all at once but in installments. In addition to the above-mentioned skills, negotiators at Google strictly avoid negative communications and attitudes while resolving conflicts in its work groups. They never avoid any conflicts in their work groups. Avoiding conflicts causes more stress and increase in the degree of the conflict. People at Google never become defensive whenever a conflict situation arises. Each individual tries to understand the complaints and point of view of the other member. This eases the process of conflict resolution maintaining and even strengthening the inter personal relationships of the individuals of the group. Often in conflict situation, there are few people who always criticize the other but not in Google. In Google work group members analyze the conflict situation objectively to come up with a solution which is beneficial to both the individuals or the groups. Organizational Culture and Effectiveness at Google The culture wihin an organization consist of the shared thoughts related to the belief and behvours of the people within the organization. The culure within the orgaimzation has a strong influence upon the working environement. Accordong to Hogan and Coote (2014), organizational culture within an organization is made of all the expectation of the and shared value of the orgamization. The working philosophy and experience within the orgamization is also included in the work culture. The culture within the organization is also based on the shared beliefs of the people within the organization. With the help of the culture it is also possible to define the formal and informal rules within the organization. On the other hand, Bschgens, Bausch and Balkin (2013) have defined organizational culture is the medium, which the employees of the orgamization to relate its thought and also communicate among themselves. This thus help them to deal with the issues realted to the strategy of the organ ization. Googles effective organizational structure and organizational culture which encourages and supports superiority in innovation is the key to its success. The companys organizational culture is unconventional. Google places great importance in change as well as direct social connections among the members of the organization. As theories suggests, well aligned organizational structure and organizational culture leads to higher possibilities of prosperity. This gain has been clearly reflected in Googles prosperity (Harper 2015). Organizational structure at Google is cross functional. Individuals are grouped on the basis of functions like Sales Management Team, Finance Team, Product Design Team etc. It also groups its employees on product basis who work together to develop a particular product. It is a direct result of team based organizational structure that organizational culture at Google is open, innovative, and smart with prominence on excellence. Every individual of the work group i s encouraged to come up with and contribute valuable and innovative ideas. Each work group is like a small family wherein individuals can share and express their thoughts and feeling with each other. Google has successfully created an ambience where risk taking ability of employees is strengthened. Also, they feel that they can have clearer goals, can rely on each other, and believe that their effort is directing a change. The social aspect of team is highly emphasized as not everyone is motivated with money. All of Googles employees are part of at least one work group and are usually project oriented (Cummings and Worley 2014). A casual and democratic atmosphere is the key element of Googles workplace culture. Work teams at Google are comprised of equal authorities and a certain degree of autonomy is always provided to them. Organizational culture at Google is one of the most inspiring, motivational, influencing, productivity oriented, and innovation-inducing environment in the world. Google has adopted a very informal organizational culture. Employees at Google work in groups of three to four in a very dense manner. It has adopted People culture as its corporate culture. From the global market strategies, Google understand that there should be necessary modifications in the organizational culture according to the national culture. Which is why it has successfully created one of the finest culture in the industry. Google focuses on keeping the performance and morals of its employees well aligned with its strategy to prosper with rising globalization and it tailors its workplace culture to realize the organi zational objective. Googles organizational culture is usually noticeably unique and difficult to compare with other organizations. It is significantly rich in terms of quality (Steiber and Alnge 2013). At Google, organizational effectiveness is a direct result of team effectiveness. The way of interaction among team members, their work structure, and how they view their contributions is far more important than who are the team members. With two years of extensive research, Google learnt that there are five essential factors that distinguishes successful teams from others (Google Rework 2015): Psychological safety: The psychology of the team members need to be boosted, which will help to deal with the environment in the wotkplace. Team members feel safe to take risks and get countered from each other. It si also esseantial to ensure all the members within the team can work in safe and healthy environment, which will help them provide full potentianl in the workplace. Dependability: Team members rely on each other and get things done on time and meet Googles tough criteria for excellence. It is crucial for the taem members to have good level of communication, which will help them to maintain good level of coordination within the workplace. Structure clarity: Team members have clearly defined responsibilities, plans, and goals. All the team members need to have high level of clarity within them selves,which will help them to understand the aim of the company and also ensure that they are able to contribute to meet the target of the company. Meaning of work: Work is of personal significance for team members. Eevery team members need to understand the meaning of the work, which will help them to under stand the polcies of the comonay. The meaning of the work will also help the workers to evaluate the importance of the work they are doing for the company. Impact of work: Team members think their work is worthwhile and drives transformation. Every team members should also realize the imopact of the work they are performing. This will also help them to understand their importance within the team. The importance within the team will help them to understand their individual value. Psychological safety was the most important dynamic according to Google. Googles Julia Rozovsky (Google Rework 2015)says, Were all reluctant to engage in behaviors that could negatively influence how others perceive our competence, awareness, and positivity. Although this kind of self-protection is a natural strategy in the workplace, it is detrimental to effective teamwork. Improvement of Conflicts and Negotiations In the businesss of Google, the comflicts and negotiation are an important part of the operational mannagment. According to Ziegler (2016), the negotiation amongst the employyes is the best ways to deal with the conflicts, which occurs within the workplace of a company. It helps to deal with the internal conflicts, which ocurrs within the organization. The process of negotiation involves discussions within the employees,which helps them to acess the importance of the situation. It is essential to idenfiy the cause of the conflict, before it is possible to implement the negotiation policy. With the help of the negotiation policy, it is possible to deal with the communication and other barriers faced by the employees. Conclusion From the above analysis it can be concluded that a team brings together people with same kind of interests and objectives. Teamwork originates with, and builds relationships among, a group of individual sharing a common interest. Work groups endeavours have also been found to result in improvement of company operations and work groups also bring benefits for the employees who participate in the groups. However, there are some distinct differences between teams and work groups. Teams are found to be more efficient in their working and have a more formal approach. The focus of teams is accomplishement of common goal of the team whereas for work groups the focus is on accomplishement of individual goals. Conflict management through negotiation is highly influenceed by working in teams or groups. Conflict management at Google has a direct impact on its organizational culture. Employees are regularly trained to deal with conflicts in a healthy way. Which is why at Google the understanding among work group members doesnt decrease in a conflict situation rather It builds trust and strengthens their interpersonal relationships. Google believes that the competence of resolving conflicts depends on the capability to manage stress by remaining sound. Verbal and non-verbal communications are properly read and interpreted this way. Work team members at Google pay attention to the emotions and efforts of other members and are conscious and appreciative of differences. Google has provided adequate room for decision making in the work group and teams. It constantly takes into consideration the wellbeing of staff for optimum performance of the company. It has a well-structured communication system throughout the organization to avoid rumor mongering. Managers at Google are excellent at delegating work and authority among the individuals of the work groups. The innovative style of management which Google has adopted ensures the participation of all of its employees rather than j ust directing them to get things done. Google provides support and necessary space for adequate interaction and dialoguing in conflict management process. Regular training workshops are organized for members of the organization on conflict management. Working together as a team, in peace and unity, to achieve a common goal and objectives of the organization for the good of all is the spirit of Google which makes it one of the best workplace culture. References Boddy, C.R., 2014. Corporate psychopaths, conflict, employee affective well-being and counterproductive work behaviour.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), pp.107-121. Bschgens, T., Bausch, A. and Balkin, D.B., 2013. Organizational culture and innovation: A meta?analytic review.Journal of product innovation management,30(4), pp.763-781. Cadden, T., Marshall, D. and Cao, G., 2013. Opposites attract: organisational culture and supply chain performance.Supply Chain Management: an international journal,18(1), pp.86-103. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Drew, S. and Coulson?Thomas, C., 2013. Transformation through teamwork: the path to the new organization?.Team Performance Management: An International Journal. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014.Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hogan, S.J. and Coote, L.V., 2014. Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), pp.1609-1621. Naima Mikkelsen, E., 2013. A researcher's tale: how doing conflict research shapes research about conflict.Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal,8(1), pp.33-49. Odetunde, O.J., 2013. Influence of transformational and transactional leaderships, and leaders' sex on organisational conflict management behaviour.Gender Behaviour,11(1), p.5323. Omisore, B. and Abiodun, A. (2014). Organizational Conflicts: Causes, Effects and Remedies. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(6), pp. 120. Rework.withgoogle.com. (2015). re: Work - The five keys to a successful Google team. [online] Available at: https://rework.withgoogle.com/blog/five-keys-to-a-successful-google-team/ [Accessed 2 Jan. 2017]. Rosen, N., 2014.Teamwork and the bottom line: groups make a difference. Psychology Press. Seal, W. and Mattimoe, R., 2014. Controlling strategy through dialectical management.Management Accounting Research,25(3), pp.230-243. Shargh, Fatehma, Soufi, Mansour and Dadashi, Mohammad Ali (2013). Conflict Management and Negotiation, International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 5 (5), pp. 538-543. Stensaker, B. and Vab, A., 2013. Re?inventing shared governance: Implications for organisational culture and institutional leadership.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), pp.256-274. Steiber, A. and Alnge, S., 2013. A corporate system for continuous innovation: the case of Google Inc.European Journal of Innovation Management,16(2), pp.243-264. Van Dam, N. and Marcus, J., 2012.Organization and management: An international approach. Routledge. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C., 2013.Organisational change: development and transformation. Cengage Learning. Wallensteen, P., 2015.Understanding conflict resolution. Sage. Ziegler, J.N., 2016, June. The Dynamics of Multi-Level Regulatory Negotiation Across Policy Domains. In28th Annual Meeting. Sase.

Investigating Influence of Musical Congruity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Investigating Influence of Musical Congruity. Answer: Introduction: Australia is one of those countries with many organizations/companies that are at different levels of the economic marketing. Among them is the DV8 Leather Company that deals with the manufacture and supply of leather materials. This is a local and home based company that was started in 2010. Ever since this company has grown and has been launching new products into the Australian market.DV8 is located in Buxton, new south Whales and specialize in custom made leather where it operates its business from their residence to avoid more costs. Their products are sold online in dv8leather.com, at trade events or some reputable retail outlets around India. The new product opportunity identified is the manufacture and use of leather vests. This company started supplying leather made materials like biker and belts but it has now decided to launch a new product into the Australian market. The impact of business innovation has positive results to SMEs.(Apansovich, 2016) This was an idea developed as a result of creativity and exploration of the existing market and the satisfaction of the customers by the available related goods. This company is both launching a new product to the national market of its country Australia and trying to penetrate the worlds international market. The sale of leather vests is a new technology and therefore it is in strive to successfully convince both the national and international market that their product is the best and also diversity the sale of its new product. DV8 Leather innovation is also as a result of the signing of the free trade treaty between Australia and China that has really promoted the growth of trade and the introduction of new commodities in the market. This is because with minimum trade restrictions manufacturers will always get a wide market to sell their products. This market introduced market opportunity was identified after the observation of continued promotions and adverts both in social and mainstream media. The introduction of a new business opportunity is accompanied by advertising (Moreno-Moya, 2016). After this company launched a new product to the market, it began serious advertising to catch the attention of the prospective buyers. Ready vests that are made of rhino skin were promoted continuously and happy customers were reviewing the product leaving positive comments. Every advert was aimed at catching Australian market and penetrates to other countries of the world market. In respect to the business environment, there are usually those factors that affect a particular business internally i.e. the micro environment and those that affect the business externally i.e. the macro business environment (Hood, 2016). Sale of leather vests, being a business like any other is affected by these factors. To begin with, this is how internal factors affected this new opportunity: The business structure is one of the micro-environment and it refers to the arrangement of activities that are carried out at various levels of the organization so that business objective may be achieved. The organ gram, therefore of dv8 leather was easily established because there were easy management and decision making owing to the fact that it is a private and home run company. The arrangement of these activities is therefore easy making the sale of leather vests a success. The company organized itself well and made all efforts to bring out their product as being the best. Resources are yet another business micro environment and they dictate the continuity and success of a business. It will dictate whether a particular product will continue to be made and it includes human, financial, physical and technological resources. To begin with, dv8 has almost enough and actually qualified employees that have relevant skills in the same area of specialization(Chilopora, 2016). Financially, dv8 is a company that is stable and has adequate funds to finance the production of the leather vests. Dv8 has good physical resources such as machinery and super high technology for its production. There are also external factors that affect a particular business. According to (Bello, 2016) are the macro business environment and they include economic, demographic, legal-political, technological, cultural, competitive, enterprise and the physical environment. To begin with, the economic factor is favorable because buyers have proven to be in a position to buy these leather vests. In the demographic factor, the population is not showing a continued increase and hence this is rather affecting the diversification of the business. Luckily, there have not been legal-political crises over the mentioned product. This absence of a legal crisis is a positive promoter of the business. Technological environment is yet another factor. If a business uses out-dated technology while other businesses is using modern technology consumers will go for the other firm's products. A business that uses high production technology produces higher quality products attracting a wider market(Lofsten, 2016). In our case, Dv8 Company is associated with high production technology from the conversion of skin to leather to the point of making the vests. On top of that, the invention of the leather vests was accompanied by an increase in production technology leading to the business success. The competitive environment is a big challenge to most of the business organizations worldwide. It means an environment where firms are trying to outdo each other in an effort to maximize profits. There are two types of competition, a generic competition where products are used for the same purpose though they are different and enterprise competition where firm's products are similar to the other firms. This poses a big challenge to the dv8 company. There is competition from other firms who sell woolen or cotton jackets and also from other companies that copied dv8 and started making these Leather vests. The physical environment includes factors such as relief, climate, and infrastructure like roads, water supply, banks among others. Dv8 Company is strategically placed and therefore enjoys good infrastructure and access to services such as banking. This, of course, is one major source of the success of the sale of leather vests. This is to mean that its placement gives it access to infrastructure and other important social services. The market is one of the very most important factors that affect the success of any business organization. In this case, market availability leads to a business success while its unavailability will lead to a business failure. In the case of Dv8 Company, which deals with the sale of leather vests, there has been a pronounced market from the Australian society. It is evident that the Australian society supports the technology and is ready to purchase the products. With the recent signing of the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement, after a 10 year negotiation period, it is expected that trade will double from the existing levels as the local tariff barriers have been lifted between Australian exports and the Chinese Markets. For Australian and New Zealand SMEs, this presents exciting new opportunities being the best-positioned, geographically and in business to make the most of this shift in the world economy (Ghezzi, 2015). This is a major advantage to the dv8 company because of the diversified market for its vests. With these opportunities comes a new set of challenges. Small businesses will need to start thinking internationally if they want to capitalize on the opportunities presented in coming decades. By being agile and taking the time to truly engage with the new powerhouse economies of the Asia Pacific, businesses will be well-placed to grow throughout the Asian Century. This has found dv8 in the zeal to explore new market and soar to the international market. The market has been established and is growing and more of the vests are sold every day. The advancement of trade and trade partnership has favored these vests. Even though there is no a mentionable population increase in Australia, the market has been expanded to the rest of the world countries. Every business that starts is faced by competition challenge. Since the establishment of the dv8 company in 2010, there has been competition. Most of the new opportunities introduced in the market are faced with stiff competition(Wright, 2013). When the leather vests were established, there has been competition from other firms that are selling the substitutes of these vests. Some companies sell woolen or cotton jackets and since these products are all meant to keep one warm, people sometimes tent to prefer woolen jackets and vests which are lighter rather than the heavy leather vests which are sometimes uncomfortable. There has also emerged some other firms both nationally and internationally that have borrowed the technology and begun making these leather jackets. This is actually posing a big competition challenge because it has availed more of the products to the market. New technologies are imperative in a product introduction (Hess, 2016). Even though competition has been a main challenge; dv8 still enjoys the advantages of pioneering the vests and being the initial launchers in the world market. Their competitive advantage is that they are actually the pioneers of the leather vests. This renders their products original and thus there is trust from the customers and hence they are able to make more sales as compared to their competitors. As mentioned earlier, dv8 specializes in custom made leather and the business is run from their residence in order to keep our costs lower. Their showroom workshop is located in Matcham road Buxton 5 mins south of Thirlmere Steam train museum, approximately 20 mins north of Mitta gong and their products are sold online from dv8leather.com.au by themselves at trade events and at selected reputable retail outlets around Australia. In 2010 DV8 Leather was formed and it is an Australian owned family operated, manufacturer, wholesalers, importers and retailers, a custom made service is offered on selected lines. To their registered customers they offer a 12-month stitching hardware guarantee on all their DV8 leather branded items. Bike Road shows and the alternative shows are their specialty; they enjoy meeting their customers face to face and discussing their requirements, (Bacherer, 2016). This is the most appropriate organization of this company. It leads to minimization of costs and maximization of profits at the same time. I therefore recommend this organization. The competitive advantage of dv8 organ gram is that they incur less cost because they run their business from home and therefore dont have to pay rents. Another advantage is that they have quick decision making and also spent less on the payment of human resources hence can sell their commodities at cheaper price and still make profits unlike their competitors who have to incur more costs on human and physical resources The strengths of dv8 leather Vests Company arise from its originality. It has been found that this company was the first to come up with this idea of leather vests. This has rendered its product original enjoying the fruits of innovation (Rubera, 2016). Another advantage is low cost of operations and successful advertisements fetching a wider market. The weakness of dv8 leather Vests Company is the inability to penetrate many outside countries. Even though it is an export company, it has not been able to highly penetrate to most countries. This has implications that it is still in growth. Another weakness is that it has not yet grown into a fully public company and hence it is not in a position to enjoy the economies of such growth. Conclusion Conclusively, entering a new market must be accompanied by a serious advertisement. It is usually important, however, to invent a new idea to enjoy the advantages of originality. Even though there is usually a stiff competition from the pre-established companies offering the alternative of the product; a new opportunity thrives well after promotion and continuous production of quality services. Dv8 company launched leather vests and is doing well both in the national and international market due to promotions and quality service provision. References Abolhasani, M. . (2017). Investigating the influence of musical congruity in higher education advertising. In Advances in Advertising Research VIII, pp. 183-196. Apansovich, N. H. (2016). The impact of business innovation modes on SME innovation performance in post-Soviet transition economies. The case of Belarus, pp. 57, 30-40. Bacherer, R. C. (2016). The role of entrepreneural Marketing i improving market share for small business facing external environmental or resource challenges. Journal of small business and entrepreneurship, pp. 117-119. Bello, D. R. (2016). Performance of professional service firms from emerging markets. rRole of innovative services and firm capabilities, pp. 413-424. Chilopora, G. K. (2016). Human Resource for health. Postoperative outcomeof caeserian sections and other major emergency obsteric surgery by clinical officers and medical officers, pp. 94-98. Ghezzi, A. C. (2015). Strategy and business model design in dynmic telecommunications industries. Technological forecasting social Change, pp. 90, 346-354. Gorostidi-Martinez, H. e. (2017). Strategies to avoid liability of forgiviness when entering a new market. Journal of advances in management research, pp. 46-68. Herrera, M. E. (2016). Innovation for impact. Journal of business research, pp. 1725-1730. Hollender, l. Z. (2017). SME market entry mode choice and foreign venture performance. International Business Review, pp. 250-263. Lofsten, H. (2016). New technology-based firms and their survival. Local Economy, pp. 393-409. Moreno-Moya, M. .-A. (2016). The differential effect of development speed and launching speed on new product performance. Journal of small Business, pp. 750-770. Prajogo, D. I. (2016). The strategic fit between innovation strategies and business environment in delivering business performance. International Journal of production Economics, pp. 171, 241-249. Raviv, A. H. (2017). A new product introduction. Kellog school of Management cases, pp. 1-11. Rubera, G. C. (2016). Open innovation, product portfolio innovativeness and firm performance. Journal of the Academy of maeketing science, pp. 166-184. Weerawardena, J. M. (2017). Capabilities development and deployment activities in born global B-to-B firms for early entry into international markets. Industrial Marketing Management, pp. 479-501. Wright, M. . (2013). Entrepreneurshipand growth. International small business journal, pp. 3-22.

Herodotus Essays (294 words) - Herodotus, Histories, David Grene

Herodotus Herodotus Essay Herodotus of Halicarnassus was born about 484 B.C. he died 60 years later. For the time he lived in this age was very old though by todays standards it is not. The reason why his age was so outstanding was in his time the average man live for maybe half that because of the harsh living conditions. So with out even any of his writings of thoughts he would standout as a above average man for his time. But his age was not all that was amazing about him. In his life Herodotus traveled a lot. Some of the places he traveled to were southern Italy, Lower Egypt, and the Caucasus. This land was in his time much of the known world, which we now call the ancient known world. I feel and so do some scholars that this is why his writings and theories were so good. With his knowledge of the world around him he had a wider view on what was going on then most of the people of that time. So now we know that he was an old traveler but what else? His great History, which was the first major prose work in world literature. This was his view of his world during the Persian wars. When University of Chicago scholar David Grene translated this book it won Herodotus the title of The Father of History in ancient times. In his book he not only uses what he saw going on around him on his long walks but he told of the feelings that were inside of him. Herodotus was a very old man (by his standers) that loved to travel and write or just the plain old Father of History. History Essays

Guilty by Suspicion, a Film essays

Guilty by Suspicion, a Film essays Guilty by Suspicion, a Film of Turmoil. After watching the film Guilty by Suspicion and reading historical information about the same era: the Red Scare in the 1950s, I am beginning to be disgusted with our so-called perfect America. I know that this may be dissident, and some people may consider that I am jumping to conclusions, however, I am not going to adhere to the atrocious reality of what America has turned out to be on several occasions. The United States of America has been dubbed the land of the free, but is all that just a sham to falsely glorify our own country in order to adopt preeminence over other countries? I was educated for 11 years, and am continuing my education for years to come, and it is sad to see that so far into my education that I have just begun to realize that I have only learned what my country wants me to learn, not what I could have learned. Time has shown that those who are the winners of that historical event write history, if you can really call them winners after killing so many people to reach to a goal that seems void once they attain it. Tell me, is it worth fighting for the people, if all the people had to be killed in order to succeed in reaching your goals? There are very few sources of information about our history that condemn American actions. In the film I just watched, it didnt force me to believe what they were trying to portray, the film had only helped me envision that our country is not exactly the sensation that we have come to adopt under a blanket of deception. History has not been my favorite subject throughout my education, I cannot slap a reason on why I do not like it, it may be the fault of my teachers, or that I just dont like reading about George Washingtons wooden teeth. However, a plausible reason may be the fact that I am jaded with the repetition of how wonderful America is, and how lucky you are able to be i...

Aviation in the United States Navy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aviation in the United States Navy - Essay Example ogically superior and readily available. Using a full-spectrum approach, the command delivers solutions at optimal costs and provide support for vital programs for the U.S. Navy.NAVAIR works effectively as part of a warfighting partnership, known as the Naval Aviation Enterprise (NAE) and the larger Navy Enterprise, through which interdependent issues affecting multiple commands are resolved on an Enterprise-wide basis. The NAVAIR Commander serves as the NAE operations officer" In this particular case, it is now established that the industry focuses more on conventional and advanced warfare. In this case, if we are to analyze the said inductry is limited to industries concerning avaition operation solely on the category of warfare technology. In this case, the said industry is only concerned on the propagation, development, repair and evaluation of aircrafts that are needed by the Naval Branch of the armed forces. Furthermore, Goodspeed (2006) in dealing with history claims that "On May 8, 1911 the Navy ordered its first airplanes and United States Naval Aviation was born. The Navy's aviation arm was founded on the same courage and spirit that still define its ranks: self-taught flier Eugene Ely, wearing a football helmet and bicycle inner tube as a life preserver became the first man to both take off and land on the deck of a ship. Over the next nine decades Naval Aviation has roared forward on the backs of the most advanced aircraft and well-trained avia tors and flight crews in the world" This means that if we are to deal with the number of interest and services it caters; categorically it only caters the microcosm part of the society particularly the armed forces. In this case, it only meets the needs of a certain amount of individuals in one particular organization which is the Naval Command. However, if we are to further deal with how it affects individuals as a whole, then we have to search for macro economic variables to know how it affects or influence individuals and organizations in general. Environmental Analysis of Aviation in the United States Navy 3 In looking for a macrocosmic variables, it is very important to look into the process and the quantity of how the organization affects individuals through its productions, services rendered and other variables to point out the origin of these and how it affects macrocosmic activities. The impact of the Naval aircraft with regards to security of the United States as a Nation and as a frontline of democracy in the world is so tremendous and this industry is of big help- The website Navy.mil (2006) states that "The objective of Navy Aerial Support is to help facilitate and coordinate the distribution of naval aircraft and aviation resources to public demonstrations across the United States" which means that the said

Definition of autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Definition of autism - Essay Example et al., 2004). Clinicians and researchers have achieved consensus on the validity of autism as a diagnostic category and many features central to its definition. It is somewhat surprising and very encouraging to note that, as greater consensus has been achieved on the definition of strictly defined autism, an interesting and helpful discussion on issues of broader phenotype or potential variants of autism has begun. Today, there is a broad agreement that autism is a developmental disorder, and autism and associated disorders in the spectrum represent the behavioural manifestations of underlying dysfunction in the functioning of the central nervous system (Minshew, N.J. and Williams, D.L., 2007). Within this, it can also be included that sustained educational and behavioural interventions are useful and constitute the core treatment of such condition (Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., and Cohen, D., 2002). In 1943, Kanner's seminal clinical description of 11 children with "autistic disturbances of affective contact" has endured till date. His description of autism was grounded in data and theory of child development. Children those are normal exhibit marked interest in social interaction from early in life (Kanner, L., 1946). Kanner suggested that early infantile autism is an inborn, constitutional disorder in which children are born lacking the typical motivation for social interac tion and affective comments. He used the model of inborn errors of metabolism to explain that individuals with autism are born without the biological preconditions for psychologically metabolizing the social world. The term autism was borrowed from Bleuler who first used autism to describe idiosyncratic, self-centered thinking (Bleuler, M., 1979). Kanner used this term to suggest that autistic children too live in their own world. It represents a failure of development and fantasy is impoverished if present at all (Kanner, L., 1951). In addition to the remarkable social failure, the one of the other features that may be present in such individuals is profound disturbance of communication to the extent that some of them may be mute (Nacewicz, B.M. et al., 2006). The language disturbance in others may be marked by echolalia and literalness as well as a fascinating difficulty with acquiring the use of the first person, personal pronoun, "I." These children, therefore, refer to themselves in the third person, "he" or by first name. Another intriguing feature is the children's unusual responses to intimate environment. This can be exemplified by unresponsiveness to parents, yet over-sensitiveness to the small changes in daily routine or simply environmental sounds. The three prime criteria enumerated by Kanner still hold good, and they are to date used to define autism. These are unusual social isolation, resistance to change, and dysfunction in communication (Landa, R.J., Holman, K.C., and Garrett-Mayer, E., 2007). It has now been recognised that parental behaviour as such plays no role in pathogenesis of autism. It is now known that children with autism are found in families of all social classes, and more recent data and rigorous research have failed to demonstrate association with social classes (Stone, W.L., McMahon,

Introduction Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction Assignment - Essay Example Having dabbled in fiction writing during my spare time, I find that most of my characters are created to be replicas of people whom I interact with in the real world. Thus serving to become an analytical tool of my relationship with people. Allowing me to vent out my frustration, joy, and sadness as I deal with real life situations in fictionalized manners. Thus giving me room for creative release of my pent up emotions and tension. For me, it is the fact that I can use my personal life to create a fictional story that serves as both my strength and weakness. My strength because I am able to create situations that help me deal with my life, and my weakness because I have to write things down in order to be able to properly deal with my problems. Without writing as a channel for my inner troubles and demons, I feel that I would have not become the capable and adjusted person that I am today. Writing her helped me find my voice. It is that voice that helps me get through my life tribulations because as I write things down, I begin to analyze and find solutions to whatever problem is plaguing me at the

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Steroids Philosophy Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Steroids Philosophy Essay Youre looking at a muscle fitness magazine and as you flip through each page you see more and more of these massive guys and the only thing you can think about is being just like them. It isnt a mystery to anyone how their muscles became so enlarged, and the only thing stopping you from trying to reach their extreme is the fact that the stimulants they used were steroids. Fear of steroids does not result because of the word itself that can haunt ones mind or that the knowledge of the use of steroids can have negative impacts on your body. It is the fact that the use of these drugs are illegal and just because of this restriction, it makes it that much harder to trust these types of drugs. Every body builder wishes that steroids were legal in the sense of recreational use. For a drug that has so many positives uses its hard to believe that it is labeled as a negative and unhealthy supplement due to the fact that once someone says it is bad everyone jumps on the band wagon on how it is possibly terrible for your body. But for someone to really take sides on either yes or no to steroids you have to know what they actually are. Steroids are synthetic substances that are very similar to the male sex hormone testosterone. They help increase the amount of testosterone and/or hormone level that the body produces so that the muscle is able to increase in size and gain new levels of strength (Lukas, 7). The fact of it all is that this supplement that everyone knows as steroids or also known as; roids, juice, fat chick, balls, and gears, is beneficial for any male. People just see the negative side effects and assume that this drug might be so harmful that it has been labeled as the cursed drug that gives you the Hercules body mixed with Godzillas rage. But in actuality, steroids are not this devastating drug that people have labeled it as; they are a supplement that helps push every male to godly limits where all bounds are broken and the sky is the limit when it comes t o working out and improving their bodies. Not only do steroids help people enhance their natural limits, but they can also act as an alternative pain reliever for joints and muscle spasms. Making steroids legal will not only allow users to continue transforming their bodies into their ideal shape but in addition, legalizing steroids will also make them safer to buy by avoiding a middle man who could potentially tamper with the product, and would also allow the government to make a profit by taxing a product that is in extremely high demand. Despite all the negative views on these supplements it actually has numerous benefits. The benefits that steroids offer to competitors in the bodybuilding world are plentiful.   Bodybuilders use anabolic steroids to build muscle mass, reduce fatigue and enhance performance, allowing many to perform tirelessly at the most physically demanding time of their training.   Not only can these drugs help a person become more aggressive at the gym, but also run faster and increase their endurance level to a higher capacity.   When coupled together in a cycle of doses, steroids make it possible to achieve amazing results that otherwise would have not been possible. Steroids thus seem to speed up the natural process of building muscles that happens with vigorous exercise. They are believed to produce this effect by blocking the breakdown of muscle tissue, which occurs in straining exercise. Instead the chemical balance of the muscles is altered and muscle tissue growth increases. In addition steroids also improve the use of the proteins in foods using their amino acids as building blocks for new muscle tissue (Silverstein, 35). There are two main steroids out in the market help improve someones body image. First they can help slim down a person so that they have no fat and become what people consider ripped. In addition, they can also help increase the weight and mass of a user by substantial gains. With the two different ways of receiving steroids, either by pills or injections, ones options are plentiful. As people begin to look into the benefits of steroids they wish to be able to access these gains but there is one problem that stops them from getting the results that they wish for. This one little detail is the fact that steroids are illegal and that to obtain them you have to get them in illegal ways or under the counter. Under the counter refers to getting a product, in this case steroids, through the black market without a prescription or in other words illegally. In most cases if you really wanted a steroid, buying from under the counter is not a problem. However, in actuality, there are a lot of black holes that can leave many mysteries on what you are really getting. Meaning that in some cases you may have to buy steroids from a dealer that you dont know, and what you are receiving may not be the real thing. It is possible that what you are paying for can be something even more dangerous or completely harmless. In some cases you dealers could sell you what is known as a sugar pill and cause the placebo effect, which results in your mind believing that youre getting gains but in reality you have just tricked your body in what to believe. If the government would make steroids legal, they would be able to regulate and control what a person is buying and guarantee that the product someone receives is in fact a real steroid and not just a regular sugar pill or serum or something more harmful. This would make the buyer feel more confident in their purchase by knowing that it is safe to use and that they are doing it legally. Not only will this make the consumer feel more secure on what they are buying and ingesting, but it would also make it possible for the government to tax steroids, so everybody wins. The most popular perspective on steroids is what has been said again and again for years; that the use of them increases muscle size and mass beyond belief but that they are harmful and bad for ones body and can have negative effects in the long run. However, what people do not know is that steroids can be extremely beneficial to health patients who are in dire need of medical help. The benefits of steroids are not limited to athletes and bodybuilders but also to medical patients. Some medical treatments that use steroids as a major stimulate throughout the recovery process are: Extensive treatment of various forms of cancer and other muscle deteriorating diseases, treatment of Bells palsy and facial paralysis attacks, treatment of Alzheimers Disease, treatment of hormonal disorders, asthma and kidney problems(Lukas,47). Other cases where steroids are used in medical treatment is for testicular cancer patients that often require the removal of the testes in men. After surgery, these men are prescribed oral anabolic steroids to replace the testosterone that their bodies are no longer able to naturally produce. This maintains their secondary sexual characteristics. In other cases anabolic steroids in high doses are given to transsexual women who wish to be permanently masculinized. Even though steroids are used to help benefit people in the medical sense, this helps shows how they are not all bad and that they are beneficial and can help solve many problems. In addition, the medical uses show that the many positives outweigh the negatives of what people believe might happen when taking steroids. Steroid is a word that we all know is bad with no good coming from it. A drug that has killed many men and destroyed many homes, lives and bodies. A cheap way to build a quick body that a true body builder took five years to get and an abuser can form in 1-2 years with the help of steroids. People inject like it doesnt matter what their putting in their body and they dont care what the side effects are. It doesnt matter how quick you want to hit the high level on bench or what you think your gains will be but in the long run you will end up killing every single organ in your body and in the end have your body just shut down on you. People think that the side effects will not affect them. That they take too much care of themselves and carefully watch how much dosage they take. But it doesnt matter. In the end, the side effects of these potentially deadly drugs will be devastating. Some of the most common side effects that may occur is the destruction of your muscles, this is due to th e fact that you are gaining so much mass and strength that you biceps and tendon cant keep up and thus basically explode after all the buildup of mass. Another negative effect of steroids includes impairment of the immune system. Unfortunately most users and even doctors are not able to detect this happening in the users body until after the cycle is over. For all people involved in body building or any sport for that matter, its critical to your success to protect your immune system but steroids help shut down your system. The effects of steroids will in the end help cause more pain than anything and are not worth the effort and money to take. This all may be true about steroids. That there are side effects devastating to the body but like everything if you use and abuse of course there will be terrible side effects. Every product you can possible get, can end up doing harmful things to you, from aspirin to cell phones. Just look at the typical cell phones, it has been proven that if you over use your cell phone and abuse it, it can cause brain tumors and health issues. If you understand how to take the right amount of dosage of steroids and properly alternate cycles, then it is very rare to obtain theses side effects. Like everything, when you dont use and abuse you will be fine. Everything in life has its limits and the people who abuse steroids are the ones who set the stereotypical image of steroid users and give it a bad reputation. Steroids in some opinions should stay illegal and in the sports sense they should, but when it comes in term of the recreational use the government should legalize steroids so that it would be possible to purchase them. In doing this, it would make it safer and better for the user to obtain steroids without the need of second guessing them self if what they are buying is really a true steroid. Along with all the benefits that come from steroids such as users who wish to reach past their natural limits, and the fact that doctors use steroids for medical reasons, shows that it is safe and useful and cannot cause extremely bad effects. It isnt about how you over use steroids, its how you use them to benefit you and hopefully one day the government will legalize this supplement so that it is possible for any person to use them.

Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen :: Art

Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen The architects that I am comparing came from two different parts of the world and yet, in some ways the message(s) behind their work and the incorporation of engineering, geometrical and sculptural elements into their designs and their new identity as â€Å"Americans† brings them closer together. Leoh Ming Pei was born in Canton, China in 1917 and came to the United States for his further education. Because of his fathers influence on him, who always encouraged Pei in designing, he attended MIT and it was finally in Harvard that he got his architectural degree. Being brought up in a different culture also had an impact in his design for his approach towards it was different from most of his American classmates whose approaches towards design were mostly very traditional. At Harvard, Le Corbussier’s â€Å"Expressive Modernism† influenced him in his use of simple geometric shapes and forms. Gropius also had a great deal of influence on Pei for he developed a reliance on abstract form and materials such as stone, concrete, glass and steel and later developed his own approach to design in which he exhibits interest in the Avant Garde. My next architect is (1910- 1961) who was born in Finland, a son of an architect father and a sculptor and architectural model-maker mother. His parents’ professions influenced him very much into being an architect and he enrolled in Cranbrok Institute of Architecture and also Yale University after his family moved to the United States. He also went to Europe for a year to study sculpture and over there, he was greatly influenced by the sculptors there of that time and this sculptural influence is seen in almost every one of his designs. Like Pei, he was also a first generation American and having being brought up in a different country also had a great impact on the way he looked at design and his concepts towards it. After he finished his architectural degree, he developed a theory of treating architecture as sculpture, an engineering monument and three-dimensional geometry. I have to say Pei’s Grand Louvre Pyramid In France and Saarinen’s TWA terminal in New York have both been figures of splendor, admiration, and equally-- controversy. Both structures have sculptural and engineering elements in them and both incorporate modern materials into their design. Even the concepts as to why they look the way they are just as intriguing. Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen :: Art Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen The architects that I am comparing came from two different parts of the world and yet, in some ways the message(s) behind their work and the incorporation of engineering, geometrical and sculptural elements into their designs and their new identity as â€Å"Americans† brings them closer together. Leoh Ming Pei was born in Canton, China in 1917 and came to the United States for his further education. Because of his fathers influence on him, who always encouraged Pei in designing, he attended MIT and it was finally in Harvard that he got his architectural degree. Being brought up in a different culture also had an impact in his design for his approach towards it was different from most of his American classmates whose approaches towards design were mostly very traditional. At Harvard, Le Corbussier’s â€Å"Expressive Modernism† influenced him in his use of simple geometric shapes and forms. Gropius also had a great deal of influence on Pei for he developed a reliance on abstract form and materials such as stone, concrete, glass and steel and later developed his own approach to design in which he exhibits interest in the Avant Garde. My next architect is (1910- 1961) who was born in Finland, a son of an architect father and a sculptor and architectural model-maker mother. His parents’ professions influenced him very much into being an architect and he enrolled in Cranbrok Institute of Architecture and also Yale University after his family moved to the United States. He also went to Europe for a year to study sculpture and over there, he was greatly influenced by the sculptors there of that time and this sculptural influence is seen in almost every one of his designs. Like Pei, he was also a first generation American and having being brought up in a different country also had a great impact on the way he looked at design and his concepts towards it. After he finished his architectural degree, he developed a theory of treating architecture as sculpture, an engineering monument and three-dimensional geometry. I have to say Pei’s Grand Louvre Pyramid In France and Saarinen’s TWA terminal in New York have both been figures of splendor, admiration, and equally-- controversy. Both structures have sculptural and engineering elements in them and both incorporate modern materials into their design. Even the concepts as to why they look the way they are just as intriguing.

Personal problems Essay

1. There are many things that contribute to the pessimism of poor people. Some of the most prominent reasons why poor people believe that it is impossible to them to get out of poverty are high competition in labor markets, increased population (increased competition), lack of sufficient jobs, lack of proper education and the perception that the government is not doing anything to help them. With these factors, behaviors of frustration, oppression and depression will most likely exist. If such behaviors cannot be contained, then the cultivation of criminal mindset will be inevitable. 2.The most vulnerable groups of people who will live in poverty are those who did not complete formal education, those who are indirectly discriminated (due to race, age and social status) and those who have lost their faith with the government system of service. Possibly, these groups will not be able to access proper healthcare as well. They may not be able to afford even the basic health services, will not be covered by a health insurance and will be discriminated by corporate-established medical institutions. 3. Most people who live in poverty are aggressive when faced with personal problems. The poor commit crimes and they are high among their established segments in the society (Raffaele, 1968). However, in general, culture of poverty may be described as helplessness, marginality, dependency and the perception of not belonging to the system. Culture clashes may happen between the poor and the health care delivery system when it comes to understanding the needs of the poor, non-adherence of the poor to the instructions of health personnel, intimidation on the part of the poor and possibly moral and ethical abuse committed by health personnel. 4. To make the healthcare system more responsive to the poor, institutions should at least reach out to poor people even as a form of charity. They should initiate to help the poor because majority of them is socially powerless. Moreover, health institutions should at least adhere to the laws and instructions mandated by the governed in terms of providing services to the poor. References Raffaele, J. A. (1968, May 9). Culture of poverty. Retrieved from http://www. nybooks. com/articles/archives/1968/may/09/culture-of-poverty-2/

cleopatra essays

cleopatra essays Cleopatra Egyptian Queen Cleopatra is an amazing woman, She was known for many great talents and great achievements. She was a very determined Macedonian queen. She went to many great lengths to keep her grip on the power she was left by will. It was said that Cleopatra was witty, charming, and highly intelligent. Through the research I have collected I will prove to you that Cleopatra was an amazing women. I will do this by uncovering facts of her fathers death, and how she took control of Alexandria, Her Early life, Her family life, Her consorts, and her love affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Without further ado I present to you my Essay. Cleopatra, the Egyptian Queen was born in the year 69 B.C in the city of Alexandria, Egypt. When she was born her father held place as leader of the city. Her father Ptolemy Auletes was the only guardian known during Cleopatras early life.(Cleopatra website) It is not said what happened to her mother. It is a lot of times mistaken that Cleopatra was a very beautiful woman, when in reality she was not very attractive at all. As far as Cleopatras early life there is not much recorded. Her life was not very public until the year she turned 18. Cleopatra came from a rather large family. She is the middle among many of brother and sisters. Unfortunately she was the only girl in the family to live past the age of 18. Her father Ptolemy Auletes raised Cleopatra; Her mother is unknown. Cleopatra had 5 siblings all ranging in age, Cleopatra falling in the middle. Cleopatra was also the middle sibling among the girls. The oldest in the family is Cleopatras sister Cleopatra VI; the second is Bernice IV, then came Cleopatra. The last girl to be born in the family is her younger sister Arsinoe IV. None of Cleopatras sisters lived to be past the age of 18. Her oldest sister Cleopatra VI, Died as a child...

What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other Essay Example

What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other Essay Example What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other Paper What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other Paper Essay Topic: Literature I think education is a part of life that everybody goes through. Its how the world gains knowledge and everybody deserves to have a proper education, which involves going to a school and learning different subjects in a classroom with a teacher. My view of education does seem to differ to Russells definition. His definition of education seems to be a way to differentiate the social classes of the world. A chance for the posh people to show how superior they are to the lower class. He is implying that anyone that is poor cannot have had an education. This does seem to be true according to the play but maybe Russell was not picturing reality when he wrote Educating Rita. His definition of education is not apparent in the reality that I live in so I cannot identify with him. To me, education is and always will be the gaining of knowledge, being taught and finding out about life. Our first impressions of Frank are rather negative, it is clear that he has a drinking problem and is obviously dissatisfied with his life. We learn from him that he is divorced and his present relationship is not an idealistic one. He is quite disrespectful and longs to have more free time to sit in the pub and drink. Examples of these are things like, Strange hours for this Open University thing. They expect us to teach when the pubs are open. (1. i) Jubilantly he moves to the Dickens section and pulls out a pile of books to reveal a bottle of whisky (1. i) These examples show how he relies on his drinking and would rather be at the pub than anything else. Our first impressions of Rita differ quite significantly to those of Frank; her use of language is coarse and does not have the ability to express literary concepts on anything but a basic level. Things that dont really matter like wearing the right types of clothing and the right type of wine preoccupy her. Thats a nice picture Its very erotic Theres no suppose about it. Look at those tits. (1. i) Ritas language here shows how direct and naive she is. Most people would not come straight out and say something like that but she does not see the vulgarity of the way she speaks. At first Frank does not want to teach Rita, he tries to stop her from coming to him for tutoring. Go back to what you do like and stop wasting my time. You go out and buy yourself a new dress and Ill go to the pub. (1. ii) This proves how Frank sees Rita as a waste of time and does not want to teach her. Rita has exactly the opposite reaction to Frank, when he tries get rid of her she becomes adamant about the fact the he is her tutor. This is because she likes him and what he does; she feels she can learn a great deal from him because of the social class he is in. She also does genuinely like him for his personality, which makes here even more determined to stay. Wait a minute, listen to me. Listen: Im on this course, you are my teacher an youre gonna bleedin well teach me Youre my tutor. I dont want another tutor. (1. ii) She is not going to leave him because she definitely wants him as a tutor. The first major learning point for Frank is accepting Rita and finding out that there is more to life then literature and poetry and his mind is opened by Rita and becomes less of a literary snob. He also later on tried to dissuade Rita from becoming so literate in what she has learned because Frank sees it as a turn for the worst for her. Rita also begins to learn things from Frank; the first major learning point she took was that to be able to get the education she wants she needs to change her colloquial dialect to a more formal language. This helps her become able to stress her point within an essay, by impressing an examiner rather than using a vulgar language. F: No, Erm assonance. Well, its a form of rhyme. Whats a whats an example erm -? Do you know Yeats? R: The wine lodge? F: Yeats the poet. (1. i) R: It was crap. F: What? R: I thought it was crap! F: Crap? And who are you citing in support of your thesis, F. R. Leavis? R: No. Me! F: What have I just said? Me is subjective. (1. ii) Along the way Frank and Rita learn a lot more from each other. The next point Frank learns is that education can quash a person. He realises or thinks that if Rita is successful in learning everything (which is what she wanted in the beginning) then it will spoil what is so special about Rita. For instance the way she just comes out with things, says what is exactly on her mind, she will start to say less about what she thinks, try and make it into a more posh point of view. Frank may even be scared that Rita will become a literary snob like he was in the beginning. F: (appealingly) Rita, stop it! R: But Frank, I have to persevere in order that I shall. F: Rita! Just be yourself. R: I am being myself. (2. ii) Rita is also learning along with Frank. But she learns that to cope with having an education and being exposed to all these literate, upper class people she needs to change the way she talks, in accent and the vocabulary she uses. Although this may not actually be correct, she does learn it and perseveres with changing the way she dresses. She feels she no longer fits in with the people around her and quits her job, because the conversation lacks somewhat in education. She feels she needs to change the people that are around her and then try to fit in with the new people she has become acquainted to. R: Thats why I couldnt stand being in a hairdressers any longer; boring irrelevant detail all the time, on and on Well, Im sorry but Ive had enough of that. I dont wanna talk about irrelevant rubbish anymore. F: And what do you talk about in your bistro? R: Everything We talk about whats important, Frank, and we leave out the boring details for those who want them (2. iv) Frank has learned a lot from Rita throughout this play, and I think the most important point he has learned is, it doesnt matter who you are or where you live, everybody deserves an education, and it can change you for the worst. It doesnt make you a better person or more superior to anyone else, you are just the same apart from having a larger vocabulary. In the end, everyone comes down to the same thing, has the same needs and longs for the same things! F: Oh Ive done a fine job on you havent I This this clever, pyrotechnical pile of self-conscious allusion is worthless, talentless, shit and could be recognized as such by anyone with a shred of common sense Oh, I dont expect you to believe me, Rita; you recognize the hallmark of literature now, dont you? I think that the most important point that Rita learned in this play is that you have a choice in life. You dont have to be stuck in somewhere you dont want to be. You can change your life to how you want it to be. Although it might not be what you expect, it ends up how you wanted it to be and that is your own choice. R: It might be worthless in the end. But I had a choice. I chose, me. Because of what youd given me. I had a choice. (2. vii) I do think that Frank and Rita benefit from having a relationship with each other. They both open their eyes to how they each live, and learn to accept things that has contradicted points that they thought were true their whole life. Frank manages to stop drinking, nearly and Rita is where she wants to be in life. They helped each other get to that stage and although Frank still relies on Rita to be there she does not actually need him anymore. A final benefit that Frank receives is quite comical; a haircut. This is great because it finishes off the play with a light note. I think that Russell is trying to show that in his play Frank and Rita learn exactly the same thing, people are all the same, and most of the things you know will end up being useless and empty. They both learn this in a different way. Rita becomes educated, and learns that it is not up to what it is made out to be and Frank learns this by meeting Rita, the lower class girl. If you base your life around literature completely you will end up being a very dull person with an empty life.

Texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Texts - Essay Example This illustrates direct effect on the performance of the training and education sector (Baum, 2001) The Barnett learning triangle is very significant. It enables the analysis of three main concepts. The concepts are; the society, higher education and knowledge. The influences of the three terms are interconnected. In the present society, they are constitutive partially. The level of tourism programs delivery according to the vocational aspects directed at promotional literatures and also the validation documents may b easily challenged. Undergraduate tourism course have been greatly publicized in recent years, through the internet and the prospectuses, as employment preparation in the tourism and service related sectors, as shown by the 1997 Airey and Johnson study. But, the study illustrated that many tourism lecturers seem to be following the liberal vocationalism approach (Silver and Brennan, 1988). The approach of course delivery that integrates the academic and vocational perspectives, as illustrated by Raffe (1994), illustrates aggressive education approach, in spite of the illustrated aims that enhance the employment preparation perspective. The flexible perspective to directing the vocational programs in HE towards the general work preparation, instead of illustrating explicit tourism jobs has been shown through the introduction of the undergraduate tourism courses. The tourism courses are simultaneously illustrated as providing both education for and about, as shown by Business Studies (Macfarlane, 1994). Tourism lecturers explain that tourism development is determined by two issues. Firstly, concentrating on the knowledge and skills enhancement of the subject; and secondly, on the generation of transferable academic competencies. Jafari (1997) illustrated the development of three classification of tourism in HE. The classes are; tourism, hotel and also hospitality. The classification focuses

Assignment1 Industrial Ecology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment1 Industrial Ecology - Research Paper Example 38). Businesses should not be awarded on the basis of the price tag. The business should aim at minimizing the total cost. The business should strive at creating long-term relationships of trust and loyalty through a single supplier of any item. If the buyer and the vendor optimize their own positions, the whole system becomes optimized (Gitlow et al. 39). Improvement of the production and service system should be constant and never ending. This will improve the productivity and quality and the resultant effect is decreased costs. The management can be boosted through operational definitions and empowerment (Gitlow et al. 40). Training of the employees on the job should be instituted. Employees form an important part of the organization and their comfort in the work place requires job skills training. Training itself is a system and effective training has an effect on the skill distribution for a particular job skill (Gitlow et al. 45). Leadership should be instituted. Supervision should make the machines, gadgets and people perform a better job. The supervision of the management and production workers needs a complete overhaul. A leader should be capable of understanding his performance and that of the workers. A leader cannot predict the performance of an individual based on the old job experience but he must have theory to help in the prediction (Gitlow et al. 46). Fear should be driven out if the people in the company have to work effectively. Fear and anxiety are both negative reactive behaviors. Fear may result from job insecurity, poor supervision, faulty inspection procedures and other causes. It is the prerogative of the management to ensure that the causes of fear are eliminated. The barriers between the departments should be broken. People should work as a team regardless of their departments (sales, research, production, or design). They should be able to foresee the

British Media and Cultural Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Media and Cultural Studies - Essay Example It is often called as Pop culture or popular culture since this is followed by people irrespective of their class or religious affinities. Mass media plays a very importanty role in disseminating values or ideas of mass culture. In fact, mass culture is possibly acquired due to modern communications and electronic media. These agencies use their wide networks and mass reach to popularize and transmit ideas and values that are picked by the population. Thus mass culture is different from so called subcultures where there is a certain distinctiveness due to community or religious or regional concepts. This culture or concept actually gains recognition because it is loosely based on ideas of freedom and liberalization. People can choose to be free from their regional and religious disparities and gain common ground for interaction with each other. This could in a form of music, art, films, fashion or the form of language they use to comminicate with each other. Earlier. It was thought t his mass culture or pop culture is only associated with young population. But it is not so , even the adults or the older generation identifies itself with with the value system or the new ideas. Thus mass culture is the value system whose appeal cuts across all barriers of education, sex, age, religion or community. Paul Hodkinson talked about the concept of subcultural substance in h... These four criterias should be used to ascertain the worthiness of something being a subculture. Thus these criteria are used as a tool for description and analysis of different subcultures. A subculture is a distinct subset of a culture, which coexists within a culture and is distinguishable from the majority culture by its values, ideas and a common way of life. Fischer defines a subculture as, "...a large set of people who share a defining trait, associate with one another, are members of institutions associated with their defining trait, adhere to a distinct set of values, share a set of cultural tools and take part in a common way of life" (Fischer, 1995). Identity: The people of a subculture have a distinct feeling of identity which they share with other members.of their group. This feeling is the feeling of oneness amongst them. Commitment: The commitment of the members of a subculture towards a common shared way of life is another important factor. The people follow certain rules or set of practices that they follow in their everyday routine. And they show a particular commitment to guard or protect their unique practices or the values that make them distinct from others. This is passed on from generation to generation within the community. Consistent distinctiveness: The third criteria of consistent distinctiveness is the existence of a set of shared tastes and values which is distinctive from those of other groups and reasonably consistent, from one person to the next and over the years. This is again passed from generation to generation. Autonomy : As per Hodkinson, autonomy is the fourth criterion to be evaluated when defining something as a subculture. Autonomy is nothing but a action of self government. This is not a sort of